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American character encoding standard

ASCII
ASCII chart from a pre-1972 printer manual
MIME / IANA	usa-ascii
Allonym(es)	ISO-IR-006,^[1] ANSI_X3.iv-1968, ANSI_X3.four-1986, ISO_646.irv:1991, ISO646-United states of america, united states, IBM367, cp367^[2]
Language(south)	English
Classification	ISO 646 series
Extensions	Unicode ISO/IEC 8859 (serial) KOI-eight OEM (series) Windows-125x (series) Others
Preceded by	ITA 2, FIELDATA
Succeeded past	ISO 8859, Unicode
v t e

ASCII ( Donkey-kee),^[3] ^: 6 abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes correspond text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. Most modernistic character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, although they support many additional characters.

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) prefers the proper noun US-ASCII for this character encoding.^[2]

ASCII is i of the IEEE milestones.

Overview [edit]

ASCII was developed from telegraph code. Its first commercial utilise was as a seven-scrap teleprinter code promoted past Bell information services.^{[ when? ]} Piece of work on the ASCII standard began in May 1961, with the beginning meeting of the American Standards Clan's (ASA) (at present the American National Standards Establish or ANSI) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was published in 1963,^[four] ^[5] underwent a major revision during 1967,^[6] ^[seven] and experienced its most recent update during 1986.^[8] Compared to earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting (i.e., alphabetization) of lists and added features for devices other than teleprinters.^{[ citation needed ]}

The apply of ASCII format for Network Interchange was described in 1969.^[9] That document was formally elevated to an Net Standard in 2015.^[10]

Originally based on the English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers equally shown by the ASCII nautical chart above.^[11] 90-5 of the encoded characters are printable: these include the digits 0 to 9, lowercase letters a to z, majuscule letters A to Z, and punctuation symbols. In addition, the original ASCII specification included 33 non-printing control codes which originated with Teletype machines; virtually of these are now obsolete,^[12] although a few are still normally used, such equally the carriage return, line feed, and tab codes.

For instance, lowercase i would exist represented in the ASCII encoding past binary 1101001 = hexadecimal 69 (i is the ninth letter of the alphabet) = decimal 105.

History [edit]

ASCII (1963). Control pictures of equivalent controls are shown where they be, or a grey dot otherwise.

The American Standard Lawmaking for Information Interchange (ASCII) was developed nether the auspices of a commission of the American Standards Association (ASA), called the X3 committee, past its X3.2 (later X3L2) subcommittee, and later by that subcommittee's X3.two.4 working group (at present INCITS). The ASA later became the U.s. of America Standards Institute (USASI),^[3] ^: 211 and ultimately became the American National Standards Found (ANSI).

With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published every bit ASA X3.4-1963,^[5] ^[thirteen] leaving 28 code positions without any assigned pregnant, reserved for time to come standardization, and 1 unassigned control code.^[3] ^{: 66, 245} At that place was some debate at the time whether there should exist more command characters rather than the lowercase alphabet.^[three] ^: 435 The indecision did non last long: during May 1963 the CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet proposed to assign lowercase characters to sticks ^[a] ^[14] 6 and vii,^[xv] and International Organisation for Standardization TC 97 SC 2 voted during October to incorporate the change into its typhoon standard.^[16] The X3.2.4 chore group voted its approval for the modify to ASCII at its May 1963 meeting.^[17] Locating the lowercase messages in sticks ^[a] ^[14] 6 and 7 acquired the characters to differ in scrap design from the upper case by a single flake, which simplified example-insensitive character matching and the structure of keyboards and printers.

The X3 commission fabricated other changes, including other new characters (the brace and vertical bar characters),^[18] renaming some control characters (SOM became start of header (SOH)) and moving or removing others (RU was removed).^[three] ^{: 247–248} ASCII was afterwards updated every bit USAS X3.4-1967,^[6] ^[xix] then USAS X3.4-1968, ANSI X3.iv-1977, and finally, ANSI X3.4-1986.^[viii] ^[20]

Revisions of the ASCII standard:

ASA X3.4-1963^[3] ^[5] ^[19] ^[xx]
ASA X3.4-1965 (canonical, simply non published, nevertheless used by IBM 2260 & 2265 Display Stations and IBM 2848 Display Control)^[3] ^{: 423, 425–428, 435–439} ^[21] ^[19] ^[20]
USAS X3.four-1967^[iii] ^[vi] ^[20]
USAS X3.4-1968^[3] ^[xx]
ANSI X3.4-1977^[xx]
ANSI X3.4-1986^[8] ^[20]
ANSI X3.4-1986 (R1992)
ANSI X3.4-1986 (R1997)
ANSI INCITS iv-1986 (R2002)^[22]
ANSI INCITS iv-1986 (R2007)^[23]
(ANSI) INCITS 4-1986[R2012]^[24]
(ANSI) INCITS 4-1986[R2017]^[25]

In the X3.15 standard, the X3 committee likewise addressed how ASCII should exist transmitted (least significant bit first),^[3] ^{: 249–253} ^[26] and how it should exist recorded on perforated tape. They proposed a nine-rail standard for magnetic tape, and attempted to deal with some punched bill of fare formats.

Design considerations [edit]

Flake width [edit]

The X3.ii subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems. Like other character encodings, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and grapheme symbols (i.e. graphemes and control characters). This allows digital devices to communicate with each other and to procedure, store, and communicate character-oriented data such as written language. Before ASCII was developed, the encodings in use included 26 alphabetic characters, 10 numerical digits, and from 11 to 25 special graphic symbols. To include all these, and control characters compatible with the Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique (CCITT) International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2) standard of 1924,^[27] ^[28] FIELDATA (1956^{[ citation needed ]}), and early EBCDIC (1963), more than 64 codes were required for ASCII.

ITA2 was in turn based on the 5-bit telegraph lawmaking that Émile Baudot invented in 1870 and patented in 1874.^[28]

The commission debated the possibility of a shift part (similar in ITA2), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented past a six-bit lawmaking. In a shifted code, some character codes make up one's mind choices between options for the following character codes. It allows compact encoding, simply is less reliable for information transmission, every bit an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long role of the transmission unreadable. The standards commission decided against shifting, so ASCII required at least a vii-bit lawmaking.^[three] ^{: 215 §13.six, 236 §four}

The committee considered an eight-fleck code, since eight bits (octets) would let two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal. However, information technology would require all data transmission to ship eight bits when seven could suffice. The committee voted to use a seven-fleck code to minimize costs associated with data transmission. Since perforated tape at the time could record viii bits in ane position, it also allowed for a parity chip for mistake checking if desired.^[3] ^{: 217 §c, 236 §5} Eight-scrap machines (with octets every bit the native data type) that did not utilize parity checking typically set up the eighth chip to 0.^[29]

Internal organization [edit]

The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification. The first two and so-called ASCII sticks ^[a] ^[14] (32 positions) were reserved for control characters.^[3] ^{: 220, 236 eight, 9)} The "space" character had to come before graphics to make sorting easier, so it became position 20_hex;^[3] ^{: 237 §10} for the same reason, many special signs ordinarily used equally separators were placed earlier digits. The commission decided it was important to back up majuscule 64-character alphabets, and chose to pattern ASCII so information technology could be reduced hands to a usable 64-character set of graphic codes,^[3] ^{: 228, 237 §xiv} equally was done in the DEC SIXBIT code (1963). Lowercase messages were therefore not interleaved with capital letter. To keep options available for lowercase letters and other graphics, the special and numeric codes were arranged before the letters, and the letter A was placed in position 41_hex to match the typhoon of the corresponding British standard.^[three] ^{: 238 §18} The digits 0–ix are prefixed with 011, but the remaining 4 bits correspond to their respective values in binary, making conversion with binary-coded decimal straightforward.

Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to represent to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electrical typewriters.^[30] Mechanical typewriters followed the de facto standard set by the Remington No. two (1878), the first typewriter with a shift key, and the shifted values of 23456789- were "#$%_&'() – early typewriters omitted 0 and i, using O (uppercase letter o) and l (lowercase letter 50) instead, but 1! and 0) pairs became standard in one case 0 and i became common. Thus, in ASCII !"#$% were placed in the 2nd stick,^[a] ^[14] positions one–5, corresponding to the digits 1–5 in the next stick.^[a] ^[xiv] The parentheses could non correspond to 9 and 0, however, because the identify corresponding to 0 was taken past the infinite character. This was accommodated past removing _ (underscore) from six and shifting the remaining characters, which corresponded to many European typewriters that placed the parentheses with eight and 9. This discrepancy from typewriters led to fleck-paired keyboards, notably the Teletype Model 33, which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII, differently from traditional mechanical typewriters.

Electrical typewriters, notably the IBM Selectric (1961), used a somewhat unlike layout that has become de facto standard on computers – following the IBM PC (1981), especially Model M (1984) – and thus shift values for symbols on modern keyboards do not correspond as closely to the ASCII table every bit before keyboards did. The /? pair also dates to the No. 2, and the ,< .> pairs were used on some keyboards (others, including the No. 2, did not shift , (comma) or . (full stop) and so they could be used in uppercase without unshifting). However, ASCII split the ;: pair (dating to No. 2), and rearranged mathematical symbols (varied conventions, ordinarily -* =+) to :* ;+ -=.

Some and then-mutual typewriter characters were not included, notably ½ ¼ ¢, while ^ ` ~ were included as diacritics for international apply, and < > for mathematical utilise, together with the uncomplicated line characters \ | (in improver to common /). The @ symbol was not used in continental Europe and the committee expected information technology would be replaced by an accented À in the French variation, so the @ was placed in position 40_hex, correct earlier the letter A.^[3] ^: 243

The control codes felt essential for data transmission were the start of message (SOM), cease of address (EOA), cease of message (EOM), end of transmission (EOT), "who are you?" (WRU), "are yous?" (RU), a reserved device control (DC0), synchronous idle (SYNC), and admit (ACK). These were positioned to maximize the Hamming distance between their bit patterns.^[iii] ^{: 243–245}

Character order [edit]

ASCII-lawmaking lodge is also called ASCIIbetical order.^[31] Collation of information is sometimes washed in this order rather than "standard" alphabetical order (collating sequence). The primary deviations in ASCII order are:

All uppercase come earlier lowercase letters; for example, "Z" precedes "a"
Digits and many punctuation marks come earlier letters

An intermediate order converts capital letters to lowercase before comparing ASCII values.

Character groups [edit]

Control characters [edit]

ASCII reserves the first 32 codes (numbers 0–31 decimal) for control characters: codes originally intended non to represent printable information, but rather to control devices (such equally printers) that make use of ASCII, or to provide meta-information about information streams such every bit those stored on magnetic tape.

For example, character ten represents the "line feed" role (which causes a printer to accelerate its newspaper), and graphic symbol viii represents "backspace". RFC 2822 refers to control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters.^[32] Except for the control characters that prescribe elementary line-oriented formatting, ASCII does not ascertain whatsoever mechanism for describing the construction or appearance of text within a certificate. Other schemes, such as markup languages, address page and document layout and formatting.

The original ASCII standard used simply short descriptive phrases for each control character. The ambiguity this acquired was sometimes intentional, for example where a character would be used slightly differently on a terminal link than on a data stream, and sometimes adventitious, for example with the significant of "delete".

Probably the most influential single device affecting the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing last with an available newspaper tape reader/punch option. Paper record was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some ways less fragile than magnetic tape. In item, the Teletype Model 33 machine assignments for codes 17 (Control-Q, DC1, as well known as XON), 19 (Command-S, DC3, as well known as XOFF), and 127 (Delete) became de facto standards. The Model 33 was likewise notable for taking the description of Control-One thousand (code vii, BEL, meaning audibly warning the operator) literally, as the unit of measurement contained an actual bong which it rang when it received a BEL character. Because the keytop for the O fundamental also showed a left-arrow symbol (from ASCII-1963, which had this graphic symbol instead of underscore), a noncompliant use of lawmaking 15 (Control-O, Shift In) interpreted as "delete previous character" was also adopted by many early timesharing systems but somewhen became neglected.

When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper record reader received a Command-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for transmit off), it acquired the tape reader to stop; receiving Control-Q (XON, "transmit on") acquired the record reader to resume. This so-called flow command technique became adopted by several early estimator operating systems every bit a "handshaking" indicate warning a sender to stop manual because of impending buffer overflow; information technology persists to this day in many systems as a transmission output control technique. On some systems, Control-South retains its pregnant but Control-Q is replaced past a second Control-S to resume output.

The 33 ASR also could exist configured to use Command-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4) to outset and finish the tape punch; on some units equipped with this role, the corresponding control character lettering on the keycap above the letter was Tape and ~~Tape~~ respectively.^[33]

Delete vs Backspace [edit]

The Teletype could non move its typehead backwards, and then it did not have a key on its keyboard to send a BS (backspace). Instead, there was a central marked RUB OUT that sent lawmaking 127 (DEL). The purpose of this central was to erase mistakes in a manually-input paper tape: the operator had to push a button on the record punch to dorsum it upward, so type the rubout, which punched all holes and replaced the error with a grapheme that was intended to exist ignored.^[34] Teletypes were commonly used with the less-expensive computers from Digital Equipment Corporation; these systems had to use what keys were available, and thus the DEL lawmaking was assigned to erase the previous grapheme.^[35] ^[36] Because of this, DEC video terminals (by default) sent the DEL lawmaking for the key marked "Backspace" while the divide key marked "Delete" sent an escape sequence; many other competing terminals sent a BS code for the Backspace primal.

The Unix terminal driver could simply use one code to erase the previous grapheme, this could exist set up to BS or DEL, just not both, resulting in recurring situations of ambiguity where users had to decide depending on what terminal they were using (shells that allow line editing, such as ksh, fustigate, and zsh, sympathise both). The assumption that no key sent a BS lawmaking allowed Command+H to be used for other purposes, such as the "help" prefix command in GNU Emacs.^[37]

Escape [edit]

Many more of the control codes accept been assigned meanings quite dissimilar from their original ones. The "escape" character (ESC, lawmaking 27), for example, was intended originally to allow sending of other control characters equally literals instead of invoking their meaning, a so-called "escape sequence". This is the same meaning of "escape" encountered in URL encodings, C language strings, and other systems where sure characters take a reserved significant. Over time this estimation has been co-opted and has eventually been changed.

In modern usage, an ESC sent to the terminal normally indicates the start of a command sequence usually in the form of a so-chosen "ANSI escape code" (or, more properly, a "Command Sequence Introducer") from ECMA-48 (1972) and its successors, start with ESC followed by a "[" (left-bracket) character. In contrast, an ESC sent from the terminal is virtually often used every bit an out-of-ring grapheme used to terminate an operation or special mode, as in the TECO and vi text editors. In graphical user interface (GUI) and windowing systems, ESC generally causes an application to abort its current functioning or to exit (stop) altogether.

End of Line [edit]

The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring "plain text" files betwixt systems. The best example of this is the newline trouble on various operating systems. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both "Wagon Render" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and "Line Feed" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead). The name "Carriage Return" comes from the fact that on a transmission typewriter the carriage holding the paper moves while the typebars that strike the ribbon remain stationary. The entire carriage had to be pushed (returned) to the left in order to position the newspaper for the next line.

December operating systems (Os/eight, RT-11, RSX-eleven, RSTS, TOPS-10, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the fourth dimension so-called "glass TTYs" (later called CRTs or "impaired terminals") came along, the convention was and then well established that backward compatibility necessitated standing to follow it. When Gary Kildall created CP/M, he was inspired past some of the command line interface conventions used in DEC's RT-11 operating organization.

Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981, IBM had no influence in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC encoding instead of ASCII, and they were oriented toward punch-carte du jour input and line printer output on which the concept of "carriage return" was meaningless. IBM's PC DOS (also marketed as MS-DOS by Microsoft) inherited the convention by virtue of being loosely based on CP/M,^[38] and Windows in turn inherited it from MS-DOS.

Unfortunately, requiring ii characters to mark the stop of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and ambiguity as to how to interpret each character when encountered past itself. To simplify matters, apparently text data streams, including files, on Multics^[39] used line feed (LF) lonely as a line terminator. Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems, adopted this convention from Multics. On the other manus, the original Macintosh OS, Apple tree DOS, and ProDOS used carriage render (CR) solitary as a line terminator; however, since Apple has now replaced these obsolete operating systems with the Unix-based macOS operating arrangement, they at present use line feed (LF) besides. The Radio Shack TRS-fourscore likewise used a alone CR to terminate lines.

Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and TENEX using CR-LF line endings; machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings; and machines running operating systems such as OS/360 that represented lines as a character count followed by the characters of the line and which used EBCDIC rather than ASCII encoding. The Telnet protocol defined an ASCII "Network Virtual Terminal" (NVT), so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported by transmitting a standard text format over the network. Telnet used ASCII along with CR-LF line endings, and software using other conventions would translate between the local conventions and the NVT.^[40] The File Transfer Protocol adopted the Telnet protocol, including apply of the Network Virtual Terminal, for use when transmitting commands and transferring data in the default ASCII mode.^[41] ^[42] This adds complexity to implementations of those protocols, and to other network protocols, such as those used for Due east-postal service and the World wide web, on systems not using the NVT'south CR-LF line-ending convention.^[43] ^[44]

End of File/Stream [edit]

The PDP-vi monitor,^[35] and its PDP-10 successor TOPS-ten,^[36] used Command-Z (SUB) equally an cease-of-file indication for input from a terminal. Some operating systems such equally CP/M tracked file length just in units of disk blocks, and used Control-Z to mark the stop of the bodily text in the file.^[45] For these reasons, EOF, or cease-of-file, was used colloquially and conventionally equally a 3-letter of the alphabet acronym for Control-Z instead of SUBstitute. The cease-of-text code (ETX), also known as Control-C, was inappropriate for a diversity of reasons, while using Z every bit the control code to end a file is coordinating to its position at the end of the alphabet, and serves equally a very convenient mnemonic aid. A historically mutual and still prevalent convention uses the ETX lawmaking convention to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard.

In C library and Unix conventions, the null graphic symbol is used to cease text strings; such null-terminated strings can be known in abbreviation as ASCIZ or ASCIIZ, where here Z stands for "zilch".

Command code chart [edit]

Binary	Oct	Dec	Hex	Abbreviation			Unicode Control Pictures^[b]	Caret notation^[c]	C Escape Sequences^[d]	Name (1967)
Binary	Oct	Dec	Hex	1963	1965	1967	Unicode Control Pictures^[b]	Caret notation^[c]	C Escape Sequences^[d]	Name (1967)
000 0000	000	0	00	NULL	NUL		␀	^@	\0	Cipher
000 0001	001	1	01	SOM	SOH		␁	^A		Start of Heading
000 0010	002	ii	02	EOA	STX		␂	^B		Start of Text
000 0011	003	3	03	EOM	ETX		␃	^C		Cease of Text
000 0100	004	4	04	EOT			␄	^D		End of Transmission
000 0101	005	5	05	WRU	ENQ		␅	^East		Inquiry
000 0110	006	six	06	RU	ACK		␆	^F		Acknowledgement
000 0111	007	vii	07	BELL	BEL		␇	^G	\a	Bell
000 1000	010	8	08	FE0	BS		␈	^H	\b	Backspace^[east] ^[f]
000 1001	011	ix	09	HT/SK	HT		␉	^I	\t	Horizontal Tab^[g]
000 1010	012	x	0A	LF			␊	^J	\northward	Line Feed
000 1011	013	11	0B	VTAB	VT		␋	^Yard	\v	Vertical Tab
000 1100	014	12	0C	FF			␌	^50	\f	Form Feed
000 1101	015	xiii	0D	CR			␍	^M	\r	Wagon Return^[h]
000 1110	016	fourteen	0E	And so			␎	^N		Shift Out
000 1111	017	15	0F	SI			␏	^O		Shift In
001 0000	020	16	10	DC0	DLE		␐	^P		Data Link Escape
001 0001	021	17	eleven	DC1			␑	^Q		Device Command one (oftentimes XON)
001 0010	022	18	12	DC2			␒	^R		Device Control 2
001 0011	023	19	13	DC3			␓	^Due south		Device Control 3 (ofttimes XOFF)
001 0100	024	20	xiv	DC4			␔	^T		Device Control 4
001 0101	025	21	fifteen	ERR	NAK		␕	^U		Negative Acknowledgement
001 0110	026	22	xvi	SYNC	SYN		␖	^5		Synchronous Idle
001 0111	027	23	17	LEM	ETB		␗	^Due west		End of Transmission Cake
001 m	030	24	18	S0	Tin		␘	^Ten		Cancel
001 1001	031	25	xix	S1	EM		␙	^Y		Terminate of Medium
001 1010	032	26	1A	S2	SS	SUB	␚	^Z		Substitute
001 1011	033	27	1B	S3	ESC		␛	^[	\e ^[i]	Escape^[j]
001 1100	034	28	1C	S4	FS		␜	^\		File Separator
001 1101	035	29	1D	S5	GS		␝	^]		Group Separator
001 1110	036	30	1E	S6	RS		␞	^^ ^[k]		Tape Separator
001 1111	037	31	1F	S7	US		␟	^_		Unit Separator
111 1111	177	127	7F	DEL			␡	^?		Delete^[l] ^[f]

Other representations might be used by specialist equipment, for instance ISO 2047 graphics or hexadecimal numbers.

Printable characters [edit]

Codes 20_hex to 7E_hex, known equally the printable characters, represent letters, digits, punctuation marks, and a few miscellaneous symbols. There are 95 printable characters in full.^[m]

Code 20_hex, the "space" character, denotes the space between words, as produced by the space bar of a keyboard. Since the space character is considered an invisible graphic (rather than a control grapheme)^[iii] ^: 223 ^[46] it is listed in the tabular array below instead of in the previous section.

Code 7F_hex corresponds to the non-printable "delete" (DEL) command character and is therefore omitted from this chart; it is covered in the previous section'due south chart. Before versions of ASCII used the upward arrow instead of the caret (5E_hex) and the left pointer instead of the underscore (5F_hex).^[v] ^[47]

Binary	Oct	Dec	Hex	Glyph
Binary	Oct	Dec	Hex	1963	1965	1967
010 0000	040	32	20	space
010 0001	041	33	21	!
010 0010	042	34	22	"
010 0011	043	35	23	#
010 0100	044	36	24	$
010 0101	045	37	25	%
010 0110	046	38	26	&
010 0111	047	39	27	'
010 1000	050	40	28	(
010 1001	051	41	29	)
010 1010	052	42	2A	*
010 1011	053	43	2B	+
010 1100	054	44	2C	,
010 1101	055	45	2D	-
010 1110	056	46	2E	.
010 1111	057	47	2F	/
011 0000	060	48	30	0
011 0001	061	49	31	i
011 0010	062	50	32	2
011 0011	063	51	33	3
011 0100	064	52	34	4
011 0101	065	53	35	five
011 0110	066	54	36	6
011 0111	067	55	37	7
011 1000	070	56	38	eight
011 1001	071	57	39	9
011 1010	072	58	3A	:
011 1011	073	59	3B	;
011 1100	074	60	3C	<
011 1101	075	61	3D	=
011 1110	076	62	3E	>
011 1111	077	63	3F	?
100 0000	100	64	40	@	`	@
100 0001	101	65	41	A
100 0010	102	66	42	B
100 0011	103	67	43	C
100 0100	104	68	44	D
100 0101	105	69	45	E
100 0110	106	70	46	F
100 0111	107	71	47	Thou
100 1000	110	72	48	H
100 1001	111	73	49	I
100 1010	112	74	4A	J
100 1011	113	75	4B	Thou
100 1100	114	76	4C	L
100 1101	115	77	4D	Thousand
100 1110	116	78	4E	N
100 1111	117	79	4F	O
101 0000	120	80	50	P
101 0001	121	81	51	Q
101 0010	122	82	52	R
101 0011	123	83	53	South
101 0100	124	84	54	T
101 0101	125	85	55	U
101 0110	126	86	56	V
101 0111	127	87	57	Westward
101 grand	130	88	58	X
101 1001	131	89	59	Y
101 1010	132	90	5A	Z
101 1011	133	91	5B	[
101 1100	134	92	5C	\	~	\
101 1101	135	93	5D	]
101 1110	136	94	5E	↑	^
101 1111	137	95	5F	←	_
110 0000	140	96	lx		@	`
110 0001	141	97	61		a
110 0010	142	98	62		b
110 0011	143	99	63		c
110 0100	144	100	64		d
110 0101	145	101	65		eastward
110 0110	146	102	66		f
110 0111	147	103	67		g
110 1000	150	104	68		h
110 1001	151	105	69		i
110 1010	152	106	6A		j
110 1011	153	107	6B		m
110 1100	154	108	6C		l
110 1101	155	109	6D		m
110 1110	156	110	6E		north
110 1111	157	111	6F		o
111 0000	160	112	70		p
111 0001	161	113	71		q
111 0010	162	114	72		r
111 0011	163	115	73		southward
111 0100	164	116	74		t
111 0101	165	117	75		u
111 0110	166	118	76		v
111 0111	167	119	77		westward
111 1000	170	120	78		x
111 1001	171	121	79		y
111 1010	172	122	7A		z
111 1011	173	123	7B		{
111 1100	174	124	7C	ACK	¬	\|
111 1101	175	125	7D		}
111 1110	176	126	7E	ESC	\|	~

Character ready [edit]

ASCII (1977/1986)
	0	i	ii	3	4	5	six	7	viii	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
0x	NUL	SOH	STX	ETX	EOT	ENQ	ACK	BEL	BS	HT	LF	VT	FF	CR	SO	SI
1x	DLE	DC1	DC2	DC3	DC4	NAK	SYN	ETB	Can	EM	SUB	ESC	FS	GS	RS	U.s.
2x	SP	!	"	#	$	%	&	'	(	)	*	+	,	-	.	/
3x	0	1	ii	3	4	five	half-dozen	7	8	9	:	;	<	=	>	?
4x	@	A	B	C	D	Due east	F	G	H	I	J	K	50	Thousand	Due north	O
5x	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	10	Y	Z	[	\	]	^	_
6x	`	a	b	c	d	due east	f	yard	h	i	j	k	fifty	m	n	o
7x	p	q	r	south	t	u	v	west	ten	y	z	{	\|	}	~	DEL
Changed or added in 1963 version Changed in both 1963 version and 1965 draft

Usage [edit]

ASCII was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph'due south TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network. TWX originally used the before 5-scrap ITA2, which was as well used by the competing Telex teleprinter system. Bob Bemer introduced features such as the escape sequence.^[4] His British colleague Hugh McGregor Ross helped to popularize this work – according to Bemer, "then much so that the code that was to go ASCII was first chosen the Bemer–Ross Lawmaking in Europe".^[48] Because of his extensive work on ASCII, Bemer has been called "the father of ASCII".^[49]

On March 11, 1968, US President Lyndon B. Johnson mandated that all computers purchased by the United States Federal Authorities support ASCII, stating:^[50] ^[51] ^[52]

I take also approved recommendations of the Secretary of Commerce [Luther H. Hodges] regarding standards for recording the Standard Lawmaking for Information Interchange on magnetic tapes and newspaper tapes when they are used in estimator operations. All computers and related equipment configurations brought into the Federal Regime inventory on and subsequently July one, 1969, must have the capability to use the Standard Code for Information Interchange and the formats prescribed by the magnetic tape and paper tape standards when these media are used.

ASCII was the most common character encoding on the World Wide Web until December 2007, when UTF-8 encoding surpassed it; UTF-8 is backward compatible with ASCII.^[53] ^[54] ^[55]

Variants and derivations [edit]

Every bit estimator technology spread throughout the world, different standards bodies and corporations developed many variations of ASCII to facilitate the expression of non-English language languages that used Roman-based alphabets. One could class some of these variations as "ASCII extensions", although some misuse that term to correspond all variants, including those that do not preserve ASCII'south character-map in the seven-bit range. Furthermore, the ASCII extensions accept as well been mislabelled equally ASCII.

seven-chip codes [edit]

From early on in its development,^[56] ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard.

Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such every bit ISO 646 (1967) that are identical or virtually identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United states of america, such as the symbol for the United Kingdom's pound sterling (£); e.g. with code page 1104. Almost every country needed an adjusted version of ASCII, since ASCII suited the needs of only the Us and a few other countries. For instance, Canada had its ain version that supported French characters.

Many other countries developed variants of ASCII to include not-English messages (east.thousand. é, ñ, ß, Ł), currency symbols (e.yard. £, ¥), etc. Meet besides YUSCII (Yugoslavia).

It would share most characters in common, only assign other locally useful characters to several code points reserved for "national use". However, the four years that elapsed betwixt the publication of ASCII-1963 and ISO'southward first acceptance of an international recommendation during 1967^[57] acquired ASCII's choices for the national apply characters to seem to be de facto standards for the globe, causing confusion and incompatibility once other countries did begin to brand their own assignments to these lawmaking points.

ISO/IEC 646, like ASCII, is a vii-bit graphic symbol ready. It does not brand any additional codes available, so the same code points encoded different characters in different countries. Escape codes were defined to bespeak which national variant applied to a slice of text, just they were rarely used, so it was often impossible to know what variant to work with and, therefore, which character a code represented, and in general, text-processing systems could cope with only one variant anyway.

Because the bracket and caryatid characters of ASCII were assigned to "national employ" code points that were used for accented letters in other national variants of ISO/IEC 646, a German, French, or Swedish, etc. programmer using their national variant of ISO/IEC 646, rather than ASCII, had to write, and, thus, read, something such as

ä aÄiÜ = 'Ön'; ü

instead of

{ a[i] = '\n'; }

C trigraphs were created to solve this problem for ANSI C, although their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers limited their use. Many programmers kept their computers on Us-ASCII, so plain-text in Swedish, German etc. (for example, in e-mail or Usenet) contained "{, }" and similar variants in the middle of words, something those programmers got used to. For example, a Swedish developer mailing another programmer asking if they should become for dejeuner, could get "N{ jag har sm|rg}sar" as the answer, which should be "Nä jag har smörgåsar" meaning "No I've got sandwiches".

In Japan and Korea, even so equally of the 2020s,^[update] a variation of ASCII is used, in which the backslash (5C hex) is rendered as ¥ (a Yen sign, in Nihon) or ₩ (a Won sign, in Korea). This means that, for case, the file path C:\Users\Smith is shown equally C:¥Users¥Smith (in Japan) or C:₩Users₩Smith (in Korea).

8-chip codes [edit]

Somewhen, equally 8-, 16-, and 32-chip (and later 64-bit) computers began to supercede 12-, eighteen-, and 36-bit computers equally the norm, it became mutual to use an eight-bit byte to store each character in memory, providing an opportunity for extended, 8-chip relatives of ASCII. In near cases these developed every bit truthful extensions of ASCII, leaving the original character-mapping intact, merely adding additional character definitions after the first 128 (i.e., 7-scrap) characters.

Encodings include ISCII (Bharat), VISCII (Vietnam). Although these encodings are sometimes referred to equally ASCII, true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard.

Most early home estimator systems developed their own 8-bit character sets containing line-drawing and game glyphs, and frequently filled in some or all of the command characters from 0 to 31 with more than graphics. Kaypro CP/Yard computers used the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet.

The PETSCII code Commodore International used for their 8-bit systems is probably unique amidst postal service-1970 codes in being based on ASCII-1963, instead of the more common ASCII-1967, such as establish on the ZX Spectrum computer. Atari viii-bit computers and Galaksija computers too used ASCII variants.

The IBM PC defined code page 437, which replaced the control characters with graphic symbols such equally smiley faces, and mapped additional graphic characters to the upper 128 positions. Operating systems such as DOS supported these code pages, and manufacturers of IBM PCs supported them in hardware. Digital Equipment Corporation developed the Multinational Grapheme Set (December-MCS) for use in the popular VT220 concluding as i of the first extensions designed more for international languages than for block graphics. The Macintosh defined Mac OS Roman and Postscript also divers a set, both of these contained both international letters and typographic punctuation marks instead of graphics, more like modern character sets.

The ISO/IEC 8859 standard (derived from the DEC-MCS) finally provided a standard that about systems copied (at to the lowest degree every bit accurately every bit they copied ASCII, but with many substitutions). A popular farther extension designed past Microsoft, Windows-1252 (frequently mislabeled as ISO-8859-1), added the typographic punctuation marks needed for traditional text press. ISO-8859-i, Windows-1252, and the original 7-bit ASCII were the near common character encodings until 2008 when UTF-8 became more common.^[54]

ISO/IEC 4873 introduced 32 additional control codes defined in the fourscore–9F hexadecimal range, every bit part of extending the seven-bit ASCII encoding to become an eight-scrap system.^[58]

Unicode [edit]

Unicode and the ISO/IEC 10646 Universal Character Set (UCS) accept a much wider array of characters and their various encoding forms have begun to supervene upon ISO/IEC 8859 and ASCII quickly in many environments. While ASCII is limited to 128 characters, Unicode and the UCS support more than characters by separating the concepts of unique identification (using natural numbers called code points) and encoding (to eight-, xvi-, or 32-bit binary formats, called UTF-eight, UTF-xvi, and UTF-32, respectively).

ASCII was incorporated into the Unicode (1991) character set as the first 128 symbols, so the vii-scrap ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets. This allows UTF-8 to be astern compatible with 7-chip ASCII, as a UTF-8 file containing only ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file containing the same sequence of characters. Even more importantly, forward compatibility is ensured as software that recognizes only 7-bit ASCII characters as special and does not change bytes with the highest scrap set (every bit is ofttimes washed to support viii-fleck ASCII extensions such every bit ISO-8859-1) will preserve UTF-8 data unchanged.^[59]

See likewise [edit]

3568 ASCII, an asteroid named after the character encoding
Alt codes
Ascii85
ASCII art
ASCII Ribbon Campaign
Basic Latin (Unicode block) (ASCII equally a subset of Unicode)
Extended ASCII
HTML decimal graphic symbol rendering
Jargon File, a glossary of computer programmer slang which includes a list of common slang names for ASCII characters
List of estimator character sets
List of Unicode characters

Notes [edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e The 128 characters of the vii-fleck ASCII grapheme set are divided into eight 16-character groups chosen sticks 0–seven, associated with the iii most-significant $.25.^[fourteen] Depending on the horizontal or vertical representation of the character map, sticks correspond with either table rows or columns.
^ The Unicode characters from the "Control Pictures" area U+2400 to U+2421 reserved for representing control characters when it is necessary to print or display them rather than have them perform their intended function. Some browsers may not display these properly.
^ Caret notation is often used to represent control characters on a terminal. On near text terminals, belongings down the Ctrl cardinal while typing the second graphic symbol volition type the command character. Sometimes the shift central is non needed, for instance ^@ may be typable with just Ctrl and ii.
^ Graphic symbol escape sequences in C programming language and many other languages influenced past it, such equally Coffee and Perl (though not all implementations necessarily support all escape sequences).
^ The Backspace character can besides exist entered past pressing the ← Backspace cardinal on some systems.
^ ^a ^b The ambiguity of Backspace is due to early terminals designed assuming the master utilize of the keyboard would be to manually punch newspaper record while not connected to a computer. To delete the previous character, one had to support the newspaper record punch, which for mechanical and simplicity reasons was a button on the punch itself and non the keyboard, then type the rubout graphic symbol. They therefore placed a key producing rubout at the location used on typewriters for backspace. When systems used these terminals and provided command-line editing, they had to use the "rubout" lawmaking to perform a backspace, and oft did not interpret the backspace graphic symbol (they might echo "^H" for backspace). Other terminals not designed for paper record made the central at this location produce Backspace, and systems designed for these used that graphic symbol to back up. Since the delete lawmaking often produced a backspace effect, this also forced terminal manufacturers to make any Delete key produce something other than the Delete character.
^ The Tab character tin besides be entered past pressing the Tab ↹ key on nigh systems.
^ The Railroad vehicle Return character can also be entered by pressing the ↵ Enter or Return cardinal on nigh systems.
^ The \e escape sequence is non part of ISO C and many other linguistic communication specifications. Yet, it is understood by several compilers, including GCC.
^ The Escape graphic symbol can as well be entered by pressing the Esc key on some systems.
^ ^^ means Ctrl+^ (pressing the "Ctrl" and caret keys).
^ The Delete character can sometimes be entered past pressing the ← Backspace key on some systems.

^ Printed out, the characters are:

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~

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External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ASCII.

"C0 Controls and Basic Latin – Range: 0000–007F" (PDF). The Unicode Standard viii.0. Unicode, Inc. 2015 [1991]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-05-26. Retrieved 2016-05-26 .
Fischer, Eric. "The Development of Character Codes, 1874–1968". CiteSeerXx.one.ane.96.678. [1]

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascii

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